Our new paper on relevant scenarios for the remote operation of highly automated vehicles (SAE 4) in public transport is now available as an open access publication. (mehr …)
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A Helping Human Hand: Relevant Scenarios for the Remote Operation of Highly Automated Vehicles in Public Transport
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One Solution Fits All? Evaluating Different Communication Strategies of a Light-based External Human-Machine Interface for Differently Sized Automated Vehicles from a Pedestrian’s Perspective
Differently sized automated vehicles (AVs) will enter the roads of tomorrow and will interact with other road users. Pedestrians as vulnerable road users heavily rely on the communication with other road users, especially for the interaction with larger vehicles, as miscommunication pose a high risk. Therefore, AVs need to provide communication abilities to safely interact with pedestrians. This study’s focus was on the explicit communication which is highly relevant in low-speed and low-distance traffic scenarios to clarify misunderstandings before they result in accidents. External human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) placed on the outside of AVs can be used as a communication tool to explicitly inform the surrounding traffic environment. Although research manifested effects of vehicle size on pedestrians’ perceived safety and crossing behavior, little research about the eHMI design for differently sized AVs exists. This experimental online study (N = 155) aimed at investigating the application of a light-based eHMI on two differently sized AVs (car, bus) by focusing on the overall goal of ensuring traffic safety in future traffic. The light-based eHMI showed different communication strategies, i.e., a static eHMI and three dynamic eHMIs. The results revealed that an automated car was perceived as safer and affectively rated as more positive compared to an automated bus. Nevertheless, no significant differences were found between the two AVs in terms of the eHMI communication. A dynamic eHMI was perceived as safer and evaluated affectively as more positive compared to a static eHMI or no eHMI for both AVs. In conclusion, the use of a light-based eHMI had a positive effect on pedestrians’ interaction with an automated car and an automated bus and, therefore, could contribute to the overall traffic safety in this study. Implications for the design of eHMIs for differently sized AVs were discussed.
Lau, M., Jipp, M., & Oehl, M. (2022). One Solution Fits All? Evaluating Different Communication Strategies of a Light-based External Human-Machine Interface for Differently Sized Automated Vehicles from a Pedestrian’s Perspective. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 171. DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106641
#HMI@DLR, #HMIatDLR
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Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter (HFES Europe) – Annual Meeting 2022
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Teleoperation hilft, wenn das autonome Fahrzeug nicht weiterweiß
Autonome und vernetzte Fahrzeuge können in naher Zukunft die meisten Aufgaben bereits selbstständig bewältigen. Noch schaffen sie es allerdings nicht, alle Verkehrssituationen zu meistern. Treffen sie auf ein Problem, bei dem sie nicht weiterwissen, geht Sicherheit vor. Meistens bedeutet das: an den Straßenrand fahren und anhalten. Um solche Situationen in Zukunft sicher und schnell zu lösen, forscht das Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) an der Teleoperation dieser Fahrzeuge. In unklaren Situationen kann das autonome Fahrzeug dann Unterstützung durch Teleoperation bei einer Technischen Aufsicht anfordern
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KI-basiertes System für vernetzte Mobilität – KIS‘M #HMI@DLR
Wir freuen uns, Teil des neuen Projektes KIS’M in Berlin zu sein, zu dem wir das Konzept der Technischen Aufsicht / Remote Operation beisteuern. #HMI@DLR
In KIS‘M wird ein KI-basiertes System für eine vernetzte Mobilität erprobt, das die Herausforderungen des autonomen, fahrerlosen und bedarfsgerechten Betriebs in dynamisch wachsenden Bediengebieten bewältigt. Besonders wichtig sind dabei die nutzerzentrierte Umsetzung, die nahtlose Vernetzung im zukünftigen Mobilitätssystem und eine gesellschaftlich akzeptierte Zielvorstellung der Mobilität von morgen.
Der fahrerlose Bedarfsverkehr soll unter Berücksichtigung des neuen StVG erfolgen. Dafür sind geeignete Mensch-Maschine-Interaktionen der technischen Aufsicht, an der virtuellen Haltestelle und in den Fahrzeugen zu entwickeln. Die Vernetzung automatisierter Fahrzeuge soll die Sicherheit und den Fluss des Verkehrs auch in einem Mischsystem verbessern. Dazu zählen die intensive Erprobung kooperativer Manöver, V2X/V2I-basierter Verkehrssteuerung, die KI-basierte Ableitung von Karten und Verkehrsinformationen. Darüber hinaus zielt KIS’M besonders auch auf die Ableitung einer Rolloutstrategie ab.
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GAIA-X 4 ROMS – support and remote operation of automated and networked mobility services #HMI@DLR
New mobility solutions should facilitate the transport of people and freight, while taking account of the need for climate protection. In addition to decarbonisation, such approaches include improving public transport and shared mobility services, so that total vehicle traffic is significantly reduced. According to the project partners, vehicle concepts for passenger and freight transport will mostly have electric powertrains and a high degree of automation. GAIA-X 4 ROMS is laying the foundations for the integration of innovative vehicles into the overall system. The project partners are now developing the first specific technology modules to implement vehicle-based mobility concepts for passengers and freight, and presenting them within the GAIA-X community.
Remote operation is available when automated vehicles reach their system limits. This distributed approach to the system architecture enables the necessary cooperation between different stakeholders. Overall, it allows the creation of a system that facilitates mobility, reacts flexibly to the specific needs of users and protects the climate at the same time. We’re contributing the approach to remote operation to GAIA-X 4 ROMS. #HMI@DLR
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AutoUI’21 from 9th to 14th of September 2021
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Das DLR auf der IAA Mobility 2021
Das Deutsche Zentrum Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) zeigt auf der IAA Mobility 2021 in München, wie Klimaschutz und Mobilität im Straßenverkehr vereinbar werden. Im Zentrum steht u.a. ein futuristischer Prototyp: das Fahrzeugkonzept U-Shift. Das U-Shift demonstriert urbane Mobilität und Logistik neu – und trennt die U-förmige Antriebseinheit von den auf die jeweilige Transportaufgabe zugeschnittenen Aufbauten. Für dieses Fahrzeug entwickeln wir das HMI für die Technische Aufsicht (Teleoperation).
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“Just One Short Voice Message” – Comparing the Effects of Text- vs. Voice-Based Answering to Text Messages via Smartphone on Young Drivers’ Driving Performances
Our new journal article is online:
Kurtz, M., Oehl, M., & Sutter, C. (2021). “Just One Short Voice Message”—Comparing the Effects of Text- vs. Voice-Based Answering to Text Messages via Smartphone on Young Drivers’ Driving Performances. Safety, 7(3), 57. doi: 10.3390/safety7030057
Despite the well-known distracting effects, many drivers still engage in phone use, especially texting and especially among young drivers, with new emerging messaging modes. The present study aims to examine the effects of different answering modes on driving performance. Twenty-four students (12 females), aged between 19 and 25 years (M = 20.83, SD = 1.53), volunteered for the study. They accomplished the Lane Change Task (LCT) with baseline and dual-task runs in a driving simulator. In dual-task runs, participants answered text messages on a smartphone by voice or text message with varying task complexity. Driving performance was measured by lane deviation (LCT) and subjective measures (NASA-TLX). Across all trials, driving performance deteriorated during dual-task runs compared with the baseline runs, and subjective demand increased. Analysis of dual-task runs showed a benefit for voice-based answering to received text messages that leveled off in the complex task. All in all, the benefits of using voice-based answering in comparison with text-based answering were found regarding driving performance and subjective measures. Nevertheless, this benefit was mostly lost in the complex task, and both the driving performance and the demand measured in the baseline conditions could not be reached.
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Impact of External Human-Machine Interface Communication Strategies of Automated Vehicles on Pedestrians’ Crossing Decisions and Behaviors in an Urban Environment
Our new journal paper „Impact of External Human-Machine Interface Communication Strategies of Automated Vehicles on Pedestrians’ Crossing Decisions and Behaviors in an Urban Environment“ is online.
Abstract: The development of automated vehicles (AVs) and their integration into traffic are seen by many vehicle manufacturers and stakeholders such as cities or transportation companies as a revolution in mobility. In future urban traffic, it is more likely that AVs will operate not in separated traffic spaces but in so-called mixed traffic environments where different types of traffic participants interact. Therefore, AVs must be able to communicate with other traffic participants, e.g., pedestrians as vulnerable road users (VRUs), to solve ambiguous traffic situations. To achieve well-working communication and thereby safe interaction between AVs and other traffic participants, the latest research discusses external human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) as promising communication tools. Therefore, this study examines the potential positive and negative effects of AVs equipped with static (only displaying the current vehicle automation status (VAS)) and dynamic (communicating an AV’s perception and intention) eHMIs on the interaction with pedestrians by taking subjective and objective measurements into account. In a Virtual Reality (VR) simulator study, 62 participants were instructed to cross a street while interacting with non-automated (without eHMI) and automated vehicles (equipped with static eHMI or dynamic eHMI). The results reveal that a static eHMI had no effect on pedestrians’ crossing decisions and behaviors compared to a non-automated vehicle without any eHMI. However, participants benefit from the additional information of a dynamic eHMI by making earlier decisions to cross the street and higher certainties regarding their decisions when interacting with an AV with a dynamic eHMI compared to an AV with a static eHMI or a non-automated vehicle. Implications for a holistic evaluation of eHMIs as AV communication tools and their safe introduction into traffic are discussed based on the results.
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